Odesa was the site of a large Greek settlement no later than the middle of the 6th century BC (a necropolis from the 5th3rd centuries BC has long been known in this area). Rail transport is an important sector of the economy in Odesa largely due to the role it plays in delivering goods and imports to and from the city's port. [48], The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the film caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". Fine Arts museum is the biggest art gallery in the city, which collection includes canvas mostly of Russian painters from 17th-21st centuries, icon collection and modern art. In the center of the park is the local top-flight football team's Chornomorets Stadium, the Alexander Column and municipal observatory. It is owned by local land and agriculture tycoon Viktor A. Dobrianskyi and three partners of his. Khadjibey was first mentioned in 1415 in Polish chronicles by Jan Dugosz, when a ship with grain sailed from there to Constantinople. [33] In 1801, in Odesa had opened the first commercial bank. Tavria-V is the biggest private company and the biggest tax payer. As one of the biggest on the Black Sea, Odesa's port is busy all year round. Note: Asterisks (*) Though the administrative center of the rayon is housed in the city/town that it is named after, cities do not answer to the rayon authorities only towns do; instead they are directly subordinated to the oblast government and therefore are not counted as part of rayon statistics. The region's soils (especially chernozems) have a reputation for fertility, and intensive agriculture is the mainstay of the local rural economy. , ", " 2001-English version-Results-General results of the census-National composition of population-Odesa region", "Official Website of the city administration: Structure of the Mayorality", "Incumbent Odesa Mayor Trukhanov declared winner in Sunday mayoral election", "Official Website of the city administration: City Council", "Official Website of the city administration, Standing commissions of the City Council", "Odesa deputies back decision to dismantle monument to Catherine II", "Odesa City Council finally agreed to demolish the monument to Catherine (, Commons:Category:Medici lions at Vorontsov palace in Odesa, "Jacob Weinberg: Piano Concerto No. In addition to all the state-run universities mentioned above, Odesa is also home to many private educational institutes and academies which offer highly specified courses in a range of different subjects. The original 200 steps (now reduced to 192) were designed by Italian architect Francesco Boffo and built between 1837 and 1841. The Container Terminal Odesa (CTO) in the port is the largest container terminal in Ukraine. Daily sales, according to the Ukrainian periodical Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, were believed to be as high as US$20 million in 2004. [13], In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the Greek Plan of Catherine the Great. Figure skaters Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic gold medals as well as the 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 World Championships in ice dance. [6][7] After the Grand Duchy lost control, the port and its surroundings became part of the domain of the Ottoman Empire in 1529, under the name Hacibey, and remained in it until the Ottomans' defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (17871792). The average annual temperature of the sea is 1314C (5557F). [72] Also a potential danger to the infrastructure and architecture of the city is the presence of multiple openings underground. [60], Odesa was struck by three bomb blasts in December 2014, one of which killed one person (the injuries sustained by the victim indicated that he had dealt with explosives). p. 342. [57], The city saw violence in the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine during the 2014 Odesa clashes. Visit hotel website. Sources of running water in the city include the Dniester River, from which water is taken and then purified at a processing plant just outside the city. [120] In 2003 this sector recorded a total revenue of 189.2 million UAH. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania acquired the area at the beginning of the 15th century. Dwell in comfort at any of our 442 rooms including 55 serviced apartments and 45 suites. Kostyantyn Mykolayovych Bocharov (born 1997), better known by his stage name Mlovin is a native of Odesa. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the Duc de Richelieu. This resulted in the development of spa culture and the establishment of a number of luxury hotels in the city. [53] After the Nazi forces began to lose ground on the Eastern Front, the Romanian administration changed its policy, refusing to deport the remaining Jewish population to extermination camps in German occupied Poland, and allowing Jews to work as hired labourers. The airport is also often used by citizens of neighbouring countries for whom Odesa is the nearest large city and who can travel visa-free to Ukraine. The accommodation features room service, a 24-hour front desk and . [25][26][27][28] Odessa, meanwhile, is the literal transliteration of the city's Russian name, which was historically favoured until Ukraine's independence (similarly to the spelling of "Kyiv" versus "Kiev"). The mayoralty[90] plays the role of the executive in the city's municipal administration. Odesans were and are viewed in the ethnic stereotype as sharp-witted, street-wise and eternally optimistic. During the 1991 referendum, 85.38% of votes in Odesa Oblast favored the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. [citation needed] Due to the effects of climate and weather on sedimentary rocks beneath the city, the result is instability under some buildings' foundations. On 18 July 2020, the number of districts (raions) was reduced to seven, now also incorporating the formerly independent cities. [9], On 4-5 July 2022 during international Ukraine Recovery Conference (URC 2022) in Lugano Switzerland pledged to support the rebuilding of Odesa region.[10]. Khadjibey came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529. [40], In their settlement, also known as Novaya Slobodka, the Moldavians owned relatively small plots on which they built village-style houses and cultivated vineyards and gardens. ", "Ukrainian Municipal Survey, March 220, 2015", "Seventh Ukrainian Municipal Survey, May 12June 3, 2021", " Weekly . Vladimir de Pachmann (18481933) a pianist of Russian-German ethnicity noted for performing the works of Chopin, was from Odesa. Catherine's Secretary of State Adrian Gribovsky claimed in his memoirs that the name was his suggestion. During the tsarist era, Odesa's climate was considered to be beneficial for the body, and thus many wealthy but sickly persons were sent to the city in order to relax and recuperate. [14][15] (see map). The city fell to the Axis on 16 October 1941,[49] and it was henceforth subject to Romanian administration. (Note: Richter studied in Odesa but was not born there.). During the Soviet period (until 1991) the city functioned as the USSR's largest trading port; it continues in a similar role as independent Ukraine's busiest international port. A number of scientists have lived and worked in Odesa. Among most famous startups is Looksery[121] and AI Factory both developed in Odesa and acquired by Snap inc.[122]. Stable commercial activity in this region in practice in the past required both security through the overland routes, and knowledge of where products could go overseas. [38] With the establishment of the Voznesensk Governorate on 27 January 1795, the Vorstadt was named Tiraspol. [42][43] Dismissive of any attempt to forge a compromise between quarantine requirements and free trade, Prince Kuriakin (the Saint Petersburg-based High Commissioner for Sanitation) countermanded Richelieu's orders. Stasys Pundzeviius (18931980), Chief of the Lithuanian Air Force in the interwar Lithuania, was born in Odesa. a free economic zone this has aided the foundation of foreign companies' and corporations' Ukrainian divisions and allowed them to more easily invest in the Ukrainian manufacturing and service sectors. [17]:5, The sleepy fishing village of Odesa had witnessed a sea-change in its fortunes when the wealthy magnate and future Voivode of Kiev (1791), Antoni Protazy Potocki, established trade routes through the port for the Polish Black Sea Trading Company and set up the infrastructure in the 1780s.[35]. [4] Utochkin had challenged a steam-powered tram while running, on a bicycle he beat a galloping horse, while on roller skates he was passing a bicyclist. The garden is home to a bandstand and is the traditional location for outdoor theater in the summertime. Odesa also has a cable car to Vidrada Beach,[126] and recreational ferry service. Many of Odesa's buildings have, rather uniquely for a Ukrainian city, been influenced by the Mediterranean style of classical architecture. In 1794, the modern city of Odesa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great. The City Garden, or Gorodskoy Sad, is perhaps the most famous of Odesa's gardens. , Buildings for Music, Michael Forsythe, Cambridge University Press, p. 344, . UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names, city became the home of a large Jewish community, uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city, Odesa 'I.I. It is known for its large outdoor market the Seventh-Kilometer Market, the largest of its kind in Europe. Population: 2,351,382 (2022 est.).[3]. The peculiarity of the ethnic composition of the population of Odesa region is its multinationality. In the 2001 census, Ukrainians made up 62 percent of the Odesa region's inhabitants, Russian 29 percent, Bulgarians 6.1 percent, Moldovans 5 percent, Gagauz 1.1 percent, Jews 0.6 percent, Belarusians 0.5 percent, Armenians 0.3 percent, Gypsies 0.2 percent, Poles, Germans, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Tartars, Greeks, Albanians and Arabs each 0.1 percent, and 1.9 percent other nationalities. Odesa Oblast expanded in 1954 to absorb Izmail Oblast (also known as the Budjak region of Bessarabia), formed in 1940 as a result of the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (from Romania), when Northern and Southern parts of Bessarabia were given to the Ukrainian SSR. Among the city's public sculptures, two sets of Medici lions can be noted, at the Vorontsov Palace[102] as well as the Starosinnyi Garden.[103]. With a bar, the 5-star hotel has air-conditioned rooms with free WiFi, each with a private bathroom. [4] The region has eight seaports and five of the biggest lakes, including Yalpuh Lake, in Ukraine. Many Odesan Jews fled abroad after 1882, particularly to the Ottoman region that became Palestine, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism. The M14 is of particular importance to Odesa's maritime and shipbuilding industries as it links the city with Ukraine's other large deep water port Mariupol which is located in the south east of the country. Mechnykov' National University, Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, tourism sector is of great importance to Odesa, List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine, List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ukraine, Trukhanov officially won the mayoral election in Odesa, Ukrainian local elections: City-by-city guide to this weekends runoff votes, "Ukraine's Odesa city put on UNESCO heritage in danger list", "The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century", "Odesa: Through Cossacks, Khans and Russian Emperors", "ODESSA | Meaning & Definition for UK English", "United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names", "Open Letter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine", "Guidance on the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN)/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) romanization systems", "Russia's invasion of Ukraine has sparked questions over why Ukrainian cities have historically been transliterated after their Russian versions", " ", " . A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that 2.3% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 91.5% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond. During World War II, the catacombs served as a hiding place for partisans and natural shelter for civilians, who were escaping airplane bombing. Seasonal sea temperatures range from an average of 6C (43F) from January to March, to 23C (73F) in August. Electric tramway started to operate on 22 August 1907. Richelieu founded Odessa watched over it with paternal care labored with a fertile brain and a wise understanding for its best interests spent his fortune freely to the same end endowed it with a sound prosperity, and one which will yet make it one of the great cities of the Old World". Odesa is linked to the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, by the M05 Highway, a high quality multi-lane road which is set to be re-designated, after further reconstructive works, as an 'Avtomagistral' (motorway) in the near future. [119] The market has roughly 6,000 traders and an estimated 150,000 customers per day. Odesa is served by a number of railway stations and halts, the largest of which is Odesa Holovna (Main Station). Another intelligence agent from Odesa was Genrikh Lyushkov (19001945), who joined the Odesa Cheka in 1920 and reached two-star rank in the NKVD before fleeing to Japanese-occupied Manchuria in 1938 to avoid being murdered. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture The Battleship Potemkin commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. 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