Gender quotas on boards of directors: Little evidence that gender quotas for women on boards of directors improve firm performance. The rises and falls seen in the Gini index in different countries more or less cancel out, the average Gini across countries fell marginally from 39.6 to 38.6. Gender segregation in the labor market and the gender wage gap (Washington: Institute for Womens Policy Research, 2010), available at, Christine L. Williams, The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the female professions,, Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations,, Hegewisch and others, Separate and not equal? Hegewisch and others, Separate and not equal? A long list of statistics shows a disparity in power between men and women which impacts society at local, national and international levels, hinders development and slows down economic progress. If you're at the top, and you think that widening the wealth gap doesn't affect you, let me put this gently: you are completely and totally wrong . This rule would protect workers who disclose pay to other workers, increase employer transparency regarding pay inequities, and hold employers accountable for pay discriminations.19, Potential policy recommendation 3: Workplace Advancement Act Large financial firms have among the widest divides because of the scarcity of women in top positions. Since the 1980s, women have been outpacing men in educational attainment. According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2020, North America won't see gender equality for 151 years. School closures spell lost opportunities for girls and an increased risk of violence, exploitation and early marriage. There is also a racial wage gap. Workplace Advancement Act, S. 345, 115 Cong. Factsheet: Is the U.S. economy in a recession, and how does recession dating work? Goal 9. Its not just that women are overrepresented in lower-paying service-providing industrieswages tend to be lower in occupations that are women-dominated, and there is evidence that there is a causal mechanism at playbut also that an influx of women into an occupation lowers wages. Increase the provision of durable and adequate housing and equitable access to land; included women in urban planning and development processes. Increased demand for clean energy and low-carbon solutions is driving an unprecedented transformation of the energy sector. Across the world, women depend more on, yet have less access to, natural resources. Within the OECD group of higher-income nations, South Korea holds the widest gap, with men earning 37 percent more than women, on average. To keep these students enrolled through graduation, states are investing in on-campus childcare centers for students and faculty. Belgium, where men spend 63 percent as much time on these activities as women, ranked at the top. A year and a half into the pandemic, schools remain partially or fully closed in 42 per cent of the worlds countries and territories. Socially constructed gender norms and internalized expectations about their behavior play a role in influencing womens decisions about what education or occupation to pursue. Stereotypes or 'rules' about how women and men, girls and boys should be begin in childhood and follow us through to adulthood. In the United States, economic inequality is both racialized and gendered.1 This means that the intersecting categories of race and gender are systematically associated with wide disparities in economic outcomes. Angela Hanks, The Administration and Congress Should Not Undermine Registered Apprenticeships (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2018), Caroline Fredrickson, Majority of Workers Who Will Benefit from Updated Overtime Rules are Women (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2015), available, Blau and Kahn, The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations., Richard D. Kahlenberg and Moshe Z. Marvit, Architects of Democracy: Labor Organizing as a Civil Right,, James Manyika and others, Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy (San Francisco: McKinsey Global Institute, 2016), available at, Legal Services NYC, New York Taxi Workers Alliance, Uber Drivers Win Employee Status, Press release, October 13, 2016, available at, Tuition-Free Degree Program: The Excelsior Scholarship, available at, Eleanor Eckerson and others, Child Care for Parents in College: A State-by-State Assessment (Washington: Institute for Womens Policy Research, 2016), available at. Yet, inequality in income and wealth affects formal and informal political processes in ways that determine people's access to education, healthcare, jobs and social security. Most inequality analysis focuses on income (the wages earned from a job or from capital gains) rather than wealth (the sum of one's assets minus debts). Women comprise 56 percent of college students, but hold nearly two-thirds of outstanding student loan debt, according to the American Association of University Women. Additionally, the 'controlled' pay gap can also be calculated by comparing a man and woman working in the same job in the same position. The gender wage gap refers to the difference in income earnings between men and women. Potential policy recommendation 1: The INSPIRE Women Act and other legislation to increase the representation of women in STEM fields In the first year of the pandemic, there were an estimated 1.4 million additional unintended pregnancies in lower and middle-income countries. Gender differences in work experience are largely because women are more likely than men to cut back their work hours or drop out of the labor force altogether due to family and other outside obligations.6 Women are also more likely than men to be part-time workers, who receive lower hourly wages and fewer benefits compared to those doing the same job full-time regardless of gender.7. var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1677015142153'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.width='650px';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.width='650px';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='727px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); One important component of wealth, retirement savings, shows an even wider gap between men and women. Gender inequality affects everyone, including men. These surveys were conducted during the 2010-2014 period. The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated long-standing gender inequalities. A poll from the Human Rights Campaign and PSB Research shows that as of June 2020, 54 percent of transgender people had experienced reduced work hours more than double the 23 percent of the total U.S. workforce that faced a similar reduction. 6. Here are five potential policy solutions. In the private sector, 88% of union workers have paid sick days, compared with 74% of their nonunion peers. Goal 16. Ensure women activists, scientists and researchers have equal voice, representation and access to forums where these issues are being discussed and debated. Legislation such as Inspiring the Next Space Pioneers, Innovators, Researchers, and Explorers, or INSPIRE Women Act, passed in February 2017, as well as Sen. Catherine Cortez Mastro (D-NV) and Rep. Jackie Rosen (D-NV)s Code Like a Girl Act and Sen. Mazie Hirono (D-HI) and Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-NY)s Women and Minorities in STEM Booster Act of 2017, are all examples of legislation intended to increase the representation of women in fields where they are currently underrepresented.13, Potential policy recommendation 2: Increase college affordability var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1612280196446'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.width='650px';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.width='650px';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='727px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); Among U.S. women whove stopped looking for work during the pandemic, the steepest drops have been among women of color. Men dominate the top of the economic summit while women are saddled with debt and poverty. The Paycheck Fairness Act, introduced by Sen. Patty Murray (D-WA) and Rep. Rosa DeLauro (D-CT) in 2017, requires employers to prove that differences in pay were a result of business-related factors. There were an additional 27,370,000 part-time workers, 17,539,000 of them women. Throughout the U.S. workforce, women remain vastly underpaid. Economists interpret this unexplained portion as discrimination. Gender wage inequality was narrowed by 5.9 percent as a result of womens increased educational attainment, accounting for a $47.2 billion increase in womens earnings. Child marriage is a form of gender-based violence and a result and driver of gender . In addition, this plan prioritizes parental leave for a new child, thus ignoring family caregiving needs.4, Potential policy recommendation 4: The Schedules That Work Act Men make up just13.3 percentof home health aides, who average$28,130 per year. The smaller retirement nest eggs of women also have to stretch further than male retirement savings, simply because women have longer life expectancies. The Workplace Advancement Act, introduced by Sen. Deb Fischer (R-NE) and Rep. Stephen Knight (R-CA), would amend the Fair Labor Standards Act by protecting workers from retaliation for discussing their wages if they do so in order to discover pay inequity among co-workers.20, Potential policy recommendation 4: Eliminate questions about past wages during the application process Pay Transparency One of the simplest ways to address the gender pay gap is for employers to be more open about how much they pay their workers. Five statesCalifornia, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New York, and Washington stateand the District of Columbia have instituted paid family leave laws, though Washington state and D.C. will not activate the law until January 1, 2020. women make up 63.5 percent of workers earning the federal minimum wage, a rate stuck at $7.25 since 2009. Race explains 4.3 percent of gender wage inequality, according to Blau and Kahns model, which translates to $34.4 billion in wage differences for women of color. var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1675268719985'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 800 ) { vizElement.style.width='650px';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else if ( divElement.offsetWidth > 500 ) { vizElement.style.width='650px';vizElement.style.height='527px';} else { vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height='727px';} var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); Throughout the U.S. workforce, women remain vastly underpaid. An estimated 435 million women and girls globally are living in extreme poverty. Equitable Growth supports research and policy analysis on how strong competition among U.S. businesses affects inequality and broad-based economic growth. 4. Education is the basis for raising awareness and is the engine for achieving attitudinal change among citizens. Equitable Growth supports research and policy analysis on how trends in economic inequality and mobility and changes in the economy have affected the concentration of wealth, income, and earnings, and how these distributional shifts have affected the promise of economic security and opportunity. This wage gap is only one of the many indicators of the presence of gender inequality within the labor force market participation. Women hold only 32 per cent of renewable energy jobs. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 8. Households led by single women with children had a poverty rate of 35.6 percent, more than twice the 17.3 percent rate for households led by single men with children, according to the National Womens Law Center. Potential policy recommendation 1: Funding for programs such as Women in Apprenticeship and Nontraditional Occupations We must do more to support women in the workforce. Life below water; and Goal 15. | Find, read and cite all the research you need . finds that among full-time workers, women earned an average of 83 cents for every dollar a man earned in 2021, up from 76 cents in 2001. 8. Women and girls experience the greatest impacts of climate change, which amplifies existing gender inequalities and poses unique threats to their livelihoods, health, and safety. By contrast, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, women make up 63.5 percent of workers earning the federal minimum wage, a rate stuck at $7.25 since 2009. var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1676482472608'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; vizElement.style.width='650px';vizElement.style.height='527px'; var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); Men particularly dominate highly lucrative financial industry jobs. The differences in gender segregation among industries and occupations accounts for 50.5 percent, or $403.6 billion, of gender wage inequality. var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1532388250241'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px'; var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); Most inequality analysis focuses on income (the wages earned from a job or from capital gains) rather than wealth (the sum of ones assets minus debts). Gender segregation in the labor market and the gender wage gap; Marianne Bertrand, Claudia Goldin, and Lawrence F. Katz, Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the financial and corporate sectors,, Josh Bivens and others, How todays unions help working people: Giving workers the power to improve their jobs and unrig the economy (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2017), available at, Gender wage inequality: What we know and how we can fix it, Gender wage inequality: what we know and how we can fix it, https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/S0101, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t01.htm, https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/demo/P60-259.pdf, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/WomensRisingWorkv2.pdf, http://www.epi.org/publication/still-falling-short-on-hours-and-pay-part-time-work-becoming-new-normal/, https://iwpr.org/wp-content/uploads/wpallimport/files/iwpr-export/publications/C377.pdf, http://www.epi.org/publication/how-todays-unions-help-working-people-giving-workers-the-power-to-improve-their-jobs-and-unrig-the-economy/#epi-toc-10, Gender wage inequality in the United States: Causes and solutions to improve family well-being and economic growth, Discriminatory penalties at the intersection of race and gender in the United States, A judicial victory for pay transparency in the United States in the run-up to Womens Equal Pay Day, Gender segregation at work: separate but equal or inefficient and unfair, Paid Family and Medical Leave in the United States: A Research Agenda. Because of the nature of these jobs, teleworking is not an option for many women. Twenty-seven percent of transgender people had experienced pay cuts, compared to just 7 percent of the U.S. workforce. Women are more likely to experience gender-based discrimination and sexual harassment, earn lower pay for comparable work, and have less prospects for progress. Strengthening the rights of workers to collectively bargain can help to further increase wages for women in the workplace. Across the world, women are in the lowest-paid work. var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1532446133768'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px'; var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); The U.S. gender pay gap, while unacceptably large, is not the worlds widest. Life on land. Research indicates that a national paid leave program boosts womens wages by 7 percent.3, Potential policy recommendation 3: The Trump administrations proposed plan In August 2017, however, the Trump administration issued a stay before it got underway.16. In 2017, there were roughly 125,967,000 full-time employed workers age 16 and older, 54,396,000 of whom were women. While the cost of living varies across state lines, wages usually reflect that regions cost of living and should be relatively equal between men and women. available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education-postsecondary/reports/2018/01/11/444829/administration-congress-not-undermine-registeredapprenticeships/; Executive Order no. In 2015, Seattles city council passed a rule that grants drivers for Uber Technologies, Inc. and Lyft, Inc. the ability to unionize, though it was being appealed at the time of this writing. var divElement = document.getElementById('viz1532627216529'); var vizElement = divElement.getElementsByTagName('object')[0]; vizElement.style.width='100%';vizElement.style.height=(divElement.offsetWidth*0.75)+'px'; var scriptElement = document.createElement('script'); scriptElement.src = 'https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js'; vizElement.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, vizElement); According to the American Association of University Women, black women graduate with the most debt $30,400, on average compared to $22,000 for white women and $19,500 for white men. In 2017, there were roughly 125,967,000 full-time employed workers age 16 and older, 54,396,000 of whom were women. Unions elevate wage floors and promote more equitable earnings for all workers, which in turn diminish gender inequality by 1.3 percent. Income inequality is a serious social economic issue in many countries. In addition, policies that allow workers access to additional hours or to workplace schedules that accommodate additional employment can decrease underemployment, which is higher for workers of color than for white workers. 45 As a result, many employers may have neglected the topic of gender equality in recent years, considering it an issue of the past. Comprehensive labor-law reform legislation should create meaningful penalties for employers who violate the NLRA so that there is a greater disincentive for bad employer behavior. Heather Boushey, Finding Time: The Economics of Work-Life Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016). The gender pay gap contributes to these disparities, since both pension plan and Social Security payouts reflect in part past earnings. Studies conducted by Jean Kimmel of Western Michigan University and Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes of San Diego State University found that access to parental leave correlated with a 7 percent increase in womens earnings and shrank motherhood wage inequality by two-thirds. It would also impose stricter punishments for employers who violate the NLRA by firing or punishing workers engaged in union organizing.10, Potential policy recommendation 2: Collective bargaining for freelance economy workers Sarah Jane Glynn, Gender wage inequality: What we know and how we can fix it., Potential policy recommendation 1: The Workplace Action for a Growing Economy (WAGE) Act In 2015, world leaders gathered at the United Nations (UN) headquarters to address and set 17 Global Goals that, when achieved, would put an end to extreme . 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