Studies in Qualitative Methodology, vol. To what extent do projects themselves help to crystallize racial, gender or ability categorizations and stereotypes? For example, Sampson and Thomas (2003) found that, in gaining access to carry out fieldwork on board ship, obtaining permission from the owners was only the very first step: the captain was an even more important gatekeeper; and, despite the sharply hierarchical character of ship life, even his support was far from sufficient. (ed.) References 239 1EEE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 EEE3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5EEE 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 41EEE Ball, S.J. . In recent times, there has been so much emphasis, in some quarters, on the study of face-to-face interactions, on encounters and situations, that other key features of the social world could be forgotten. The authors clearly intended to convey a general stance toward the development of fruitful ideas, concepts and theories that were generated through a close exploration of data. 98 Pelto, P.J. Wolf, D. (1991) High risk methodology: reflections on leaving an outlaw society, in W.B. Similar considerations to those outlined above will also apply to larger-scale temporal dimensions, such as seasonal or annual cycles, and patterns of recruitment of new cohorts; although overall constraints of time and resource will obviously prove limiting here. Interviewing can be an extremely important source of data: it may allow one to generate information that it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain otherwise both about events described and about perspectives and discursive strategies. This is most obviously true in the case of covert research, where the fieldworker will be much more sharply constrained to match his or her personal front to that of the other participants. (1982) Malinowski: second positivism, second romanticism, Man, 17: 76677. They are deeply implicated in the joint construction of a household by (for instance) couples who transform an older house into their own domestic space. Thus, common cultural stereotypes of females can work to their advantage in some respects. Indeed, in the face of worrying trends in terms of the group dynamic, she switched to what she describes as a more ethnographic style of research, casually chatting with the students in the common room (Jowett and OToole 2006: 459, 461). Schooling for Womens Work, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 203 Sheridan, D. 126 Shils, E. 219, 221 ships 30, 41, 50 shyness 138 Simmel, G. 36 Simons, Helen 11112 single study model 1856 situated vocabularies 145 situational analysis 167 Sjoberg, G. 123 Skipper, J.K. 11516 Skolnick, J. One of these is the focus group, and this technique is sometimes used by ethnographers. What gives you the right to come here and start asking us these personal questions about our families and that? The list can be extended readily, and the exploration of such questions would lead the ethnographer inexorably towards a systematic examination of each and every aspect of everyday life in the setting in question. An example is grounded theorizing, in which data are collected in ways that are specifically designed to generate theories but where those theories are intended to capture all that is relevant in the particular cases studied. On the first interpretation, ethnographers go into the field in order to find out what happens there so that they can document it. 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The latter are not simply the basis for gratuitous introspection or narcissistic self-absorption. Types of question The main difference between the way in which ethnographers and survey interviewers ask questions is not, as is sometimes assumed, that one form of interviewing is structured and the other is unstructured. 20 For a listing of examples of natural histories of social research, see Hammersley (2003b). The house as a physical embodiment of identity, and its material decoration, are explored by Gregory (2003) in her exploration of householders aesthetic work on late Victorian houses. New Directions in Sociology, London: David & Charles. I decided it was time to blow my cover. So, using the internet as a platform, the digital ethnographer can now aim to integrate text, images, documents, sound files, and other data types within a single environment, and to link them in extremely flexible ways. It was only later, with the rapid development of statistical methods and the growing influence of positivist philosophy, that survey research came to be regarded by some of its practitioners as a self-sufficient methodological tradition.5 Today, the term positivism has become little more than a term of abuse among social scientists, and as a result its meaning has become obscured. As Schatzman and Strauss (1973) suggested, the act of writing can provide a source of discovery in its own right. For example, they threaten any appeal to the interests or rights of Humanity; and in the context of feminist research they challenge the concept of woman. There is no intrinsic difference between the slow exchange of written communication and the instant exchange of electronic messages. 1. They link and juxtapose; they help to make the familiar seem strange; and vice versa. This has some important implications, as we shall see in the next chapter. Analysis is often seen as being about, or as involving, theory. This was the case with Holdaways (1982) research on the police, and Daltons (1959) work on men who manage. In response Kroeber was said to have taken the largest, fattest ethnography book off his shelf, and said, Go forth and do likewise. (Nader 1986: 98) Here we have a model of learning ethnography that does not even amount to apprenticeship. So to ask a question is to show that you are not acceptable and this creates problems in a relationship when you have just been introduced to somebody. However, it is equally, if not more, important to adopt this stance in studying familiar settings, where the tendency to assume that one already knows what is going on, and why, as well as who is involved and for what purposes, is particularly strong. Exemplifying this, Wolf (1992) outlines alternative textual strategies in the production of her own research. OHear, A. He analyses the house not merely as a physical locus of everyday life, but also as a site of symbolic ordering.6 In a similar vein, anthropological accounts of Mediterranean societies stress the significance of the house, and its relationship to the street, as a physical coding of respectability especially as regards the women of the household and as an affirmation of strongly differentiated gender roles. 212, 23, 37; act of writing 201; awareness contexts 1723; constant comparative method 165; formal/substantive theory 25, 188; grounded theorizing 9, 25, 158, 1667, 192; hospital staff 179; libraries 1256; note-taking 143; status passage 169, 189; theoretical sampling 33, 107 stress 8990, 92 strippers 11516 Strong, P.M. 32, 35, 189, 194 structuralism 2 Styles, J. Here the principle of reflexivity has been taken to a textual extreme, in which the voice of the author is a dominant one. Without lots of guidance and on-screen help, readers can readily get lost in hyperspace: any user who has navigated even simple networks like citation searches will know that as one traces out a pathway of citations-to-citations-to-citations, one can lose ones bearings, and experience digital vertigo. Hine, C. And this is a very common rationale provided for ethnographic studies. The new edition of this popular textbook will be an indispensable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students, and for all researchersusing ethnographic methods in the social sciences and the humanities. What are viable research problems depends, of course, on the resources available to the researcher; and what are relevant here are not just external resources like time and funds but also personal ones such as background knowledge, social characteristics and circumstances. (Graham 1995: 1617) And observers in a covert study of patient life in mental hospitals found that they could take notes, since staff simply took this as a further sign of their mental illness (Rosenhahn 1973)! If there are researchers who can participate in such business without feeling, I am not one of them nor do I ever hope to be. Recording and organizing data 155 1EEE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 EEE3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5EEE 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 41EEE In this way, the complexity of coding could reflect the sort of complexity that one would hope to find in qualitative data. Telephone follow-ups to letters sent requesting an interview repeatedly found Mr X tied up or in conference. Slightly different again is the stance of those ethnographers, for example influenced by discourse analysis, for whom accounting practices, in interviews or in naturally occurring talk, are an important topic for investigation rather than the accounts being usable as sources of information. Kuhn argued against views of the history of science that portray it as a process of cumulative development towards the truth, achieved by rational investigation logically founded on evidence. The camp settled. The fact that I was not associating with those who were considered my peers was simply confusing, and made it vastly more difficult to place me in the social order. Methodology: reflections on leaving an outlaw society, in which the voice of the author is a one! Mr X tied up or in conference they can document it its right... 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