Competitive Intelligence: The process of collecting and analyzing information about competitors' strengths and weaknesses in a legal and ethical manner to enhance business decision-making . Additional challenges for intelligence agencies have been created because at the same time that public attention is being focused on intelligence, the struggle against international terrorism has placed more emphasis on the aspects of the intelligence business that are the most secret, such as covert operations and espionage (Herman, 2004; Kibbe, 2007). Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda. The time it would take for a separate domestic intelligence agency to learn anew the lessons already learned by the Department of Justice and FBI likely would come not only at the cost of American lives, but also at the expense of Americans liberties. Unfortunately, however, before the horrific terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, I witnessed firsthand as deputy attorney general of the United States grave deficiencies in the ability of intelligence officials and law enforcement officials to share information with each other, which hampered the Department of Justices ability to take action to defend the nation against terrorist attacks. There are five main ways of collecting intelligence that are often referred to as "intelligence collection disciplines" or the "INTs.". Therefore, tensions can arise between intelligence conclusions and politicians desire for particular answers. The authors of a recent survey of the state of intelligence studies argue that the idea of halting research on intelligence and terrorism, in the middle of a worldwide struggle against Al Qaeda and its associates, would strike many in the field as short-sighted (Johnson & Shelton, 2013, p. 112). And the intelligence required for these operations will increase as time goes on. Ethics and Intelligence after September 11. in L. Scott, & P. D. Jackson (Eds. Protective intelligence provides actionable intelligence from a strategic, operational and tactical perspective. Naturally, a question that arises is whether the extensive spending on intelligence has actually made a difference. Monitoring what your competitors are up to is important, but actually activating competitive insights across your entire organization is where the rubber hits the road. If our intelligence services were for-profit enterprises, investors would want to make long-term investments in them. Our failure to deny pretrial release presumptively to individuals changed with federal crimes of terrorism has already enabled terrorists to escape justice. A number of scholars and analysts have noted similarities between the two most notable examples of such attacks against America, Pearl Harbor and 9/11; useful examples include Wirtz (2002) and Borch (2003). 2, 2018. This collection of essays and remarks and the symposium that inspired them are crucial first steps in ensuring that our nation's domestic intelligence infrastructure is true to our values. Balaceanu, Ion. Lonson: Routledge. Journal of Strategic Studies , 28 (1), 31-55. Intelligence and National Security , 19 (3), 467-489. But in general, the literature on intelligence and terrorism is more useful for understanding the limitations of intelligence in preventing terrorist attacks than in proposing ways to improve that performance. "Intelligence is information and information gathering, not doing things to people; no-one gets hurt by it, at least not directly. ), Secret Intelligence: A Reader (pp. Air & Space Smithsonian. The Strategist The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog. In a comment written before 9/11 but often cited since those attacks as an illustration of how the CIA has been too risk-averse and bureaucratic, Reuel Marc Gerecht (2001) quotes a CIA case officer as saying: Operations that include diarrhea as a way of life dont happen (p. 40). Several authors view human intelligence (HUMINT) as the most important factor in countering terrorism. For that reason communications systems and common procedures need to be established that link law enforcement agencies with each other, with potential first responders and with intelligence services (see Hulnick, 2005; Jenkins, 2006a, 2006b; Sims, 2007a). A solid functioning ILP approach to data and information gathering and analysis allows police forces to assess a greater number of crime-related . Reformists believe that the likelihood of future failures can be reduced by intelligence reforms along lines that have been proposed for the past 50 yearswhich often stress organizational changeand by efforts to ensure that decision makers take heed of intelligence warnings. With a Little Bit of Heart and Soul Analyzing the Role of HUMINT in . If knowledge is power it can also be deduced that intelligence is a form of power itself. Its the coming together of two important developments. The material support statute has been a valuable tool for prosecutors in the war against terrorism because it allows the law enforcement community to prosecute terrorists before they commit deadly acts of terrorism. Nature of intelligence Levels of intelligence. Bundy, William P. CIA Historical Review Program, 18 Sept 1995. Cambridge: Polity Press. Donations are voluntary and not required to download the e-book - your link to download is below. In the words of The Economist (2003, p. 30): There were too few useful dots. The critical problem leading to a lack of intelligence collection on the threat was the failure of the U.S. intelligence communityand particularly the CIAto place enough emphasis on developing human intelligence sources on al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups. Although terrorism is not the only important mission for intelligence services in the 21st century, it is widely considered to be the top priority for Western intelligence services. Intelligence and the market state. (Similar typologies are provided in Parker & Stern [2005], and Copeland [2007].) Definition of 'intelligence gathering' 1. the process of collecting information. Its time to add intelligence to that discussion. Intelligence Gathering is performing reconnaissance against a target to gather as much information as possible to be utilized when penetrating the target during the vulnerability assessment and exploitation phases. Most studies of the American intelligence community focus on the CIA and (to a lesser degree) the FBI. Studies in Intelligence , 44 (2). Most intelligence effort since 9/11 has been put into the investigation and prevention of terrorist attacks. For reformist thinkers, the fundamental problem underlying the inability of the intelligence community to share and process information properly lies at the level of structure and organization. That operation was the most prominent example of what some have described as a new type of intelligence cycle for counter-terrorism: finding, fixing, finishing, exploiting and analyzing targets, or F3EA (Builta & Heller, 2011, p. 6). Security intelligence must remain a limited means of governance, and not become an end in itself. He suggests that the United Nations, in particular, needs to develop an effective intelligence capability to combat international terrorism. Under current law, defendants who are charged with certain federal crimes are presumptively denied bail. However, secrecy also raises key issues of legality, morality and accountability. Therefore, the costs of failure can be very high, whether it is in the sense that intelligence does not provide adequate forewarning of some surprise attack, as on 9/11 or 7/7, warns us of a threat that does not actually exist, as in the case of Iraqs WMD, or threatens the integrity of the political process (Lefebvre, 2003). Many thanks! A high IQ is regularly an essential for ascending to the best positions of business today. In W. K. Wark (Ed. It also seeks to guide the decisions on operational work done by the police, and the rational allocation of human, material, and technical resources. Currently, FISAs definition of the agent of a foreign power only includes individuals with ties to groups that engage in international terrorism. Intelligence provides the basis for policy or decisions people, organizations and states, if they are to act rationally, will do so after canvassing fully the alternative courses of action open to them and their costs and benefits (Gill & Phythian, 2006, p. 33). Having a structured way to gather this information, and turn it into intelligence, seems like a good idea. Even though, the global War on Terror was declared and defined in Washington, other countries still have not surrendered their own intelligence systems for the safeguarding of internal security. When applied well, threat intelligence can help security teams defend against an ever-more sophisticated threat landscape before, during and after attack. I believe we did a good job of that during my tenure, but more is always possible. Scholars in the orthodox camp tend to be the most cautious about calls for major reform, and they argue that dramatic change is neither needed nor helpful. Gathering information is the most important part of the critical thinking process. This means that investigations of lone-wolf terrorists now must proceed under the stricter standards and shorter time periods for investigating ordinary crimes set forth in Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968.. Warning of Terror: Explaining the Failure of Intelligence against Terrorism. Former Director of National Intelligence Michael McConnell notes that in dealing with a conventional military threat, there is relatively little problem determining the enemys capabilityhis order of battle. He argues that greater attention should be paid to the need for U.S. intelligence agencies to establish cooperative international relationships, especially bilateral agreements that may take advantage of another countrys comparative intelligence advantage in a particular geographic region or against a certain target. Another area where additional research is needed is in the study of intelligence success against terrorism. As the examples given above demonstrate, Section 218 has enabled the federal government to disrupt terrorist plots and arrest and prosecute terrorists, thus saving American lives. See, Hear, Sniff: How Airborne Spies Collect Intel, Too Much Information: Ineffective Intelligence Collection, What Does Collection Mean? But today intelligence agencies are finding it much more difficult to solve mysteries: What is the continuing nature of the threat from al-Qaeda? Businesses can gather this information through internal and external sources such as sales logs, surveys, social media, news websites, manufacturers, clients, or distributors. Ian Lesser, for example, argued (Lesser et al., 1999) that the increasing reliance by terrorists on modern information technology would introduce new possibilities for monitoring and surveillance. Although there continues to be agreement that greater information sharing is needed within the intelligence and counterterrorism communities, there is a growing belief that an equally important problem is that of having too much information. Much of the literature since 9/11 has attempted to answer these questions and to explain what the U.S. intelligence community (and to a lesser extent, the intelligence services of other nations) can or should do to prevent future attacks. Marketing intelligence, often used interchangeably with market intelligence, is an umbrella term defined as all of the information collected and analyzed by a business to retrieve valuable market insights that can help improve decision-making within marketing and consumer-facing business operations. Intelligence and National Security , 26 (6), 755-758. 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